The first Norman castle was a motte-and-bailey design, built in 1067,
the year after the Battle of Hastings, on the orders of William the
Conqueror.
During the reign of King Henry II the Castle was extensively rebuilt.
It was imposing and of a complex architectural design, with an upper
bailey at the highest point of the castle rock, a middle bailey to the
north (which contained the main royal apartments), and a large outer
bailey to the east.
In March 1194, a battle took place at Nottingham Castle, part of the
returned King Richard’s campaign to put down the rebellion of Prince
John. The Castle surrendered after just a few days.
King Edward III, with the help of a few trusted companions, staged a
coup d’état at Nottingham Castle against his mother Isabella of France,
and her lover, Roger Mortimer. In the dark of night on 19 October 1330,
Edward III’s men came into the castle through a secret tunnel,
overpowered Mortimer who was then bound and gagged, led out of the
tunnel and arrested, along with Queen Mother Isabella.
King David II of Scotland invaded England but was wounded, with his army
soundly defeated at the Battle of Neville’s Cross on 17 October
1346. David was brought to Nottingham Castle on route to the Tower of
London. He remained captive in England for eleven years.
Richard III spent a considerable part of his short and turbulent reign
in Nottingham Castle, from which he set forth in 1485, where he became
the last English king to die in battle. His remains were discovered in
August 2012 in Leicester and were later buried at Leicester cathedral in
March 2015.
In August 1642 at the start of the Civil War, , Charles I chose
Nottingham as the rallying point for his armies, but soon after he
departed, the castle rock was made defensible and held by the
parliamentarians. Commanded by John Hutchinson, they repulsed several
Royalist attacks, and were the last group to hold the Castle.
After the execution of Charles I in 1649 John Hutchinson applied to
parliament to have the castle demolished. This request was granted and
the castle was razed to prevent it being used again in war.
After the restoration of Charles II in 1660, the present ‘Ducal Palace’
was built by Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle. Despite the
destruction of the Keep and fortifications of the upper bailey, some
rock cut cellars and medieval pointed arches survive beneath the palace,
together with a long passage to the bottom of the rock, commonly known
as Mortimer’s Hole.
In 1831 the Palace was burnt down by rioters. It is stated that the
costly tapestries of the Castle were freely sold after these events by
the rioters for 3/- per yard. Terrible damage was done with the whole
place reduced to a mere shell. The Duke received £21,000 compensation
for the outrage.
he Castle was derelict for over forty years until finally it was let to
the Corporation of Nottingham in 1875 on a 500 years’ lease. The
building was remodelled and it opened to the public on 3 July, 1878, as a
Museum of Fine Art.
[ http://www.nottinghamcastle.org.uk/explore/history]
From the late 14th century to the early 16th
century, Nottingham was a major centre for carving, painting and gilding
of small alabaster panels and figures. The alabaster, a soft
translucent stone, easily carved, was mined in nearby Derbyshire and
Staffordshire. The panels were carved with religious images, many
grouped together to form altarpieces in churches. Others were framed as
individual divotional objects in the church or the home. These brightly
coloured images brought religious stories to life, at a time when few
people were able to read. They were a focus for contemplation and
meditation. The market for Nottingham alabasters extended across
Britain, into Europe: from France, Spain, Italy and Iceland. The
Nottingham alabaster carving industry came to an abrupt end with The
English Reformation, when in 1535 Henry VIII established the Church of
England and broke with the Roman Catholic tradition of worship.
Highlights of the painting collection include: 17th century Dutch and
Northern European paintings; paintings by important Nottingham artists Paul Sandby (a founder of the Royal Academy) and Richard Parkes Bonington. A 20th century British collection including works by William
Nicholson, Ben Nicholson, Winifred Nicholson, Dame Laura Knight, Harold
Knight, Edward Burra, Edward Wadsworth, Tristram Hillier, Mathew Smith,
L.S. Lowry, Ivon Hitchens and Stanley Spencer.
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